Working with Variant Attributes

As explained in the section on variant aware matching, attributes give semantics to variants and are used to perform the selection between them.

As a user of Gradle, attributes are often hidden as implementation details. But it might be useful to understand the standard attributes defined by Gradle and its core plugins.

As a plugin author, these attributes, and the way they are defined, can serve as a basis for building your own set of attributes in your eco system plugin.

Standard attributes defined by Gradle

Gradle defines a list of standard attributes used by Gradle’s core plugins.

Ecosystem-independent standard attributes

Table 1. Ecosystem-independent standard variant attributes
Attribute name	Description	Values	compatibility and disambiguation rules
`org.gradle.usage`	Indicates main purpose of variant	`Usage` values built from constants defined in Usage	Following ecosystem semantics (e.g. `java-runtime` can be used in place of `java-api` but not the opposite)
`org.gradle.category`	Indicates the category of this software component	`Category` values built from constants defined in Category	Following ecosystem semantics (e.g. `library` is default on the JVM, no compatibility otherwise)
`org.gradle.libraryelements`	Indicates the contents of a `org.gradle.category=library` variant	`LibraryElements` values built from constants defined in LibraryElements	Following ecosystem semantics(e.g. in the JVM world, `jar` is the default and is compatible with `classes`)
`org.gradle.docstype`	Indicates the contents of a `org.gradle.category=documentation` variant	`DocsType` values built from constants defined in DocsType	No default, no compatibility
`org.gradle.dependency.bundling`	Indicates how dependencies of a variant are accessed.	`Bundling` values built from constants defined in Bundling	Following ecosystem semantics (e.g. in the JVM world, `embedded` is compatible with `external`)

Table 2. Ecosystem-independent standard component attributes
Attribute name	Description	Values	compatibility and disambiguation rules
`org.gradle.status`	Component level attribute, derived	Based on a status scheme, with a default one existing based on the source repository.	Based on the scheme in use

JVM ecosystem specific attributes

In addition to the ecosystem independent attributes defined above, the JVM ecosystem adds the following attribute:

Table 3. JVM ecosystem standard component attributes
Attribute name	Description	Values	compatibility and disambiguation rules
`org.gradle.jvm.version`	Indicates the JVM version compatibility.	Integer using the version after the `1.` for Java 1.4 and before, the major version for Java 5 and beyond.	Defaults to the JVM version used by Gradle, lower is compatible with higher, prefers highest compatible.
`org.gradle.jvm.environment`	Indicates that a variant is optimized for a certain JVM environment.	Common values are `standard-jvm` and `android`. Other values are allowed.	The attribute is used to prefer one variant over another if multiple are available, but in general all values are compatible. The default is `standard-jvm`.

The JVM ecosystem also contains a number of compatibility and disambiguation rules over the different attributes. The reader willing to know more can take a look at the code for org.gradle.api.internal.artifacts.JavaEcosystemSupport.

Native ecosystem specific attributes

In addition to the ecosystem independent attributes defined above, the native ecosystem adds the following attributes:

Table 4. Native ecosystem standard component attributes
Attribute name	Description	Values	compatibility and disambiguation rules
`org.gradle.native.debuggable`	Indicates if the binary was built with debugging symbols	Boolean	N/A
`org.gradle.native.optimized`	Indicates if the binary was built with optimization flags	Boolean	N/A
`org.gradle.native.architecture`	Indicates the target architecture of the binary	`MachineArchitecture` values built from constants defined in MachineArchitecture	None
`org.gradle.native.operatingSystem`	Indicates the target operating system of the binary	`OperatingSystemFamily` values built from constants defined in OperatingSystemFamily	None

Gradle plugin ecosystem specific attributes

For Gradle plugin development, the following attribute is supported since Gradle 7.0. A Gradle plugin variant can specify compatibility with a Gradle API version through this attribute.

Table 5. Gradle plugin ecosystem standard component attributes
Attribute name	Description	Values	compatibility and disambiguation rules
`org.gradle.plugin.api‑version`	Indicates the Gradle API version compatibility.	Valid Gradle version strings.	Defaults to the currently running Gradle, lower is compatible with higher, prefers highest compatible.

Declaring custom attributes

If you are extending Gradle, e.g. by writing a plugin for another ecosystem, declaring custom attributes could be an option if you want to support variant-aware dependency management features in your plugin. However, you should be cautious if you also attempt to publish libraries. Semantics of new attributes are usually defined through a plugin, which can carry compatibility and disambiguation rules. Consequently, builds that consume libraries published for a certain ecosystem, also need to apply the corresponding plugin to interpret attributes correctly. If your plugin is intended for a larger audience, i.e. if it is openly available and libraries are published to public repositories, defining new attributes effectively extends the semantics of Gradle Module Metadata and comes with responsibilities. E.g., support for attributes that are already published should not be removed again, or should be handled in some kind of compatibility layer in future versions of the plugin.

Creating attributes in a build script or plugin

Attributes are typed. An attribute can be created via the Attribute<T>.of method:

Example 1. Define attributes

build.gradle

// An attribute of type `String`
def myAttribute = Attribute.of("my.attribute.name", String)
// An attribute of type `Usage`
def myUsage = Attribute.of("my.usage.attribute", Usage)

build.gradle.kts

// An attribute of type `String`
val myAttribute = Attribute.of("my.attribute.name", String::class.java)
// An attribute of type `Usage`
val myUsage = Attribute.of("my.usage.attribute", Usage::class.java)

Currently, only attribute types of String, or anything extending Named is supported. Attributes must be declared in the attribute schema found on the dependencies handler:

Example 2. Registering attributes on the attributes schema

build.gradle

dependencies.attributesSchema {
    // registers this attribute to the attributes schema
    attribute(myAttribute)
    attribute(myUsage)
}

build.gradle.kts

dependencies.attributesSchema {
    // registers this attribute to the attributes schema
    attribute(myAttribute)
    attribute(myUsage)
}

Then configurations can be configured to set values for attributes:

Example 3. Setting attributes on configurations

build.gradle

configurations {
    myConfiguration {
        attributes {
            attribute(myAttribute, 'my-value')
        }
    }
}

build.gradle.kts

configurations {
    create("myConfiguration") {
        attributes {
            attribute(myAttribute, "my-value")
        }
    }
}

For attributes which type extends Named, the value of the attribute must be created via the object factory:

Example 4. Named attributes

build.gradle

configurations {
    myConfiguration {
        attributes {
            attribute(myUsage, project.objects.named(Usage, 'my-value'))
        }
    }
}

build.gradle.kts

configurations {
    "myConfiguration" {
        attributes {
            attribute(myUsage, project.objects.named(Usage::class.java, "my-value"))
        }
    }
}

Attribute compatibility rules

Attributes let the engine select compatible variants. However, there are cases where a provider may not have exactly what the consumer wants, but still something that it can use. For example, if the consumer is asking for the API of a library, there’s a possibility that the producer doesn’t have such a variant, but only a runtime variant. This is typical of libraries published on external repositories. In this case, we know that even if we don’t have an exact match (API), we can still compile against the runtime variant (it contains more than what we need to compile but it’s still ok to use). To deal with this, Gradle provides attribute compatibility rules. The role of a compatibility rule is to explain what variants are compatible with what the consumer asked for.

Attribute compatibility rules have to be registered via the attribute matching strategy that you can obtain from the attributes schema.

Attribute disambiguation rules

Because multiple values for an attribute can be compatible with the requested attribute, Gradle needs to choose between the candidates. This is done by implementing an attribute disambiguation rule.

Attribute disambiguation rules have to be registered via the attribute matching strategy that you can obtain from the attributes schema.