Glossary

A file or directory produced by a build, such as a JAR, a ZIP distribution, or a native executable.

A capability identifies a feature offered by one or multiple components. A capability is identified by coordinates similar to the coordinates used for module versions. By default, each module version offers a capability that matches its coordinates, such as com.google:guava:18.0. Capabilities can be used to express that a component provides multiple feature variants or that two different components implement the same feature (and thus cannot be used together). For more details, see the section on capabilities.

Any single version of a module.

A component metadata rule is a rule that modifies a component’s metadata after it is fetched from a repository, e.g., to add missing information or correct incorrect information. In contrast to resolution rules, component metadata rules are applied before resolution starts. Component metadata rules are defined as part of the build logic and can be shared through plugins. For more information, see the section on fixing metadata with component metadata rules.

A configuration is a named set of dependencies grouped together for a specific goal. Configurations provide access to the underlying, resolved modules and their artifacts. For more information, see the sections on dependency configurations as well as resolvable and consumable configurations.

See Cross-Project Configuration.

Cross-project configuration refers to managing and customizing multiple subprojects within a multi-project build.

subprojects {
    apply plugin: 'java'
    repositories {
        mavenCentral()
    }
    dependencies {
        testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.13.2'
    }
}

gradle.lifecycle.beforeProject {
    repositories {
        mavenCentral()
    }
}

tasks.register("customTask") {
    // Avoid this! Directly accessing outputs from another subproject's task
    def outputFile = project(":subprojectB").tasks.named("someTask").get().outputs.files.singleFile
    inputs.file(outputFile)
    doLast {
        println("Processing file from subprojectB: ${outputFile}")
    }
}

tasks.register("someTask") {
    def outputFile = layout.buildDirectory.file("output.txt")
    outputs.file(outputFile)
    doLast {
        outputFile.get().asFile.text = "Output from subprojectB"
        println("Generated output file in subprojectB: ${outputFile.get().asFile}")
    }
}

A dependency is a pointer to another piece of software required to build, test, or run a module. For more information, see the section on declaring dependencies.

A dependency constraint defines requirements that need to be met by a module to make it a valid resolution result for the dependency. For example, a dependency constraint can narrow down the set of supported module versions. Dependency constraints can be used to express such requirements for transitive dependencies. For more information, see the sections on upgrading and downgrading transitive dependencies.

A feature variant is a variant representing a feature of a component that can be individually selected or not. A feature variant is identified by one or more capabilities. For more information, see the sections on modeling feature variants, and optional dependencies.

A Gradle build can consist of one or more Gradle projects and is typically configured using a settings.gradle(.kts) file at the root.

A piece of software that evolves over time e.g., Google Guava. Every module has a name. Each module release is optimally represented by a module version. For convenient consumption, modules can be hosted in a repository.

Releases of a module provide metadata. Metadata is the data that describes the module in more detail, e.g., information about the location of artifacts or required transitive dependencies. Gradle offers its own metadata format called Gradle Module Metadata (.module file) but also supports Maven (.pom) and Ivy (ivy.xml) metadata. See the section on understanding Gradle Module Metadata for more information on the supported metadata formats.

A module version represents a distinct set of changes of a released module. For example, 18.0 represents the module version with the coordinates com.google:guava:18.0. In practice, there are no limitations to the scheme of the module version. Timestamps, numbers, and special suffixes like -GA are all allowed identifiers. The most widely-used versioning strategy is semantic versioning.

A platform is a set of modules aimed to be used together. There are different categories of platforms corresponding to different use cases:

A description of the files and metadata that should be published to a repository as a single entity for use by consumers.

A repository hosts a set of modules, each of which may provide one or many releases (components) indicated by a module version. The repository can be based on a binary repository product (e.g., Artifactory or Nexus) or a directory structure in the filesystem. For more information, see Declaring Repositories.

A resolution rule influences the behavior of how a dependency is resolved directly. Resolution rules are defined as part of the build logic. For more information, see the section on customizing resolution of a dependency directly.

A variant of a component can have dependencies on other modules to work properly, so-called transitive dependencies. Releases of a module hosted on a repository can provide metadata to declare those transitive dependencies. By default, Gradle resolves transitive dependencies automatically. The version selection for transitive dependencies can be influenced by declaring dependency constraints.

Each component consists of one or more variants. A variant consists of a set of artifacts and defines a set of dependencies. It is identified by a set of attributes and capabilities.

Attributes are used to identify and select variants. A variant has one or more attributes defined, for example org.gradle.usage=java-api, org.gradle.jvm.version=11. When dependencies are resolved, a set of attributes are requested and Gradle finds the best fitting variant(s) for each component in the dependency graph. Compatibility and disambiguation rules can be implemented for an attribute to express compatibility between values (e.g., Java 8 is compatible with Java 11, but Java 11 should be preferred if the requested version is 11 or higher). Such rules are typically provided by plugins. For more information, see the sections on variant selection and declaring attributes.